Architectural Board Exam Reviewer

[jenaro]

First topic message reminder :

Mga sir share ko lang ung mga reviewer na ito....share nyo din kung mayron din kayo...thnx!

ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS
compiled & edited by Arch. Jenaro A. Villamor, uap
Definitions of ACOUSTICS:
1. branch of physics concerned with sound
2. deals with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound
Almost all acoustical situations are described in 3 parts (elements):
1. Sound Source ( e.g. human speech, HVAC equipment)
2. Transmission Path (e.g. air, earth, building materials)
3. Receiver (e.g. humans, animals, sensitive medical equipment)
ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS
1. technology of designing spaces, structures and mechanical systems to meet hearing needs
2. effect of building design on the control of sound in buildings
3 Aspects of Acoustical Design in Buildings
1. Planning to keep noise sources as far as possible from quiet area
2. Internal acoustics of rooms
3. Structural precautions to reduce noise penetrations
Essential Elements of Architectural Acoustics:
1. Room Acoustics – the qualities or characteristics of a room, auditorium, or concert hall that determine the audibility of speech or fidelity of musical sound in it
• Cubic volume (and coupled spaces)
• Shape and proportion (length-to-width, height-to-width)
• Finishes (selection and placement)
• Audience layout ( floor slope, speaker-to-listener distances)
• Special treatment ( suspended reflectors, resonant absorbers, quadratic-residue diffusers)
2. Sound Isolation – the use of building materials and construction assemblies designed to reduce the transmission of airborne and structure-borne sound from one room to another or from the exterior to the interior of a building (Sound Insulation)
• Site noise characteristics (sound level, character, duration)
• Outdoor barriers, nearby buildings, vegetation, and earth berms
• Location of activities within buildings (zoning, buffer spaces)
• Background noise criteria (HVAC system, electronic)
3. Mechanical system noise and vibrations
• Equipment noise characteristics
• Location of mechanical equipment
• Vibration isolation ( springs, pads)
• Air duct and pipe treatment ( linings, mufflers, laggings)
• Background noise from air outlets (coordination with sound isolation)
4. Electronic sound systems
• System compatibility with room acoustics
• Loudspeaker selection, placement and orientation
• System components and controls
• Background masking (loudspeaker layout, sound spectra)

Definitions of SOUND 2
1. physical wave in an elastic medium, usually air
2. the sensation stimulated in the organs of hearing by mechanical radiant energy transmitted as longitudinal pressure waves through the air or other medium
3. a vibration in an elastic medium such as air, water, most building materials, and the earth
4. physically, sound is a rapid fluctuation of air pressure
Types of Sound
1. Wanted Sound (speech, music) – heard properly
o considered desirable
o heard properly
2. Unwanted Sound (noise) – annoyance
o annoyance
o not desired or objectionable
Characteristics of Sound
1. Audible
2. Inaudible
Basic Principles of Sound - understanding the characteristics of sound is essential in designing for good acoustics)
1. Generation
o sound is generated when an object vibrates, causing the adjacent air to move, resulting in a series of pressure waves radiating out from the moving object
o Wave – a disturbance or oscillation that transfers energy progressively from point to point in a medium or space without advance by the points themselves, as in the transmission of sound or light
o Sound Wave – a longitudinal pressure wave in air or an elastic medium esp. one producing an audible sensation
2. Frequency
o the no. of times the cycle of compression and rarefaction of air occurs in a given unit of time (e.g. 1000 cycles in the period of 1 second = 1000 cps = 1000 Hertz)
o the no. of cycles per unit time of a wave or oscillation
o the no. of complete cycles per second (frequency of vibration)
o the rate of oscillation of molecules by sound (frequency of vibration) measured in cycles per second (Hertz)
o Pitch – frequency of sound vibration; the predominant frequency of a sound as perceived by the human ear
o Vibration – the back and forth motion of a complete cycle
o Cycle – full circuit by a displaced particle
o Period – the time required for one complete cycle
o 20 – 20,000 Hz – approx. audio frequency range of human hearing;
o 600 – 40,000 Hz – critical frequency for speech communication
o Tone – composed of a fundamental frequency with multiples of the fundamental, called Harmonics
o Pure Tone – sound composed only of 1 frequency
o Musical sounds are combination of many pure tones
o Frequency bands – used to express division of sounds into sections (Octave bands are the most common)
o 9 Octave Bands – 31.5, 63, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 Hz
3
3. Velocity
o varies according to the medium of transmission; approx. 1100 fps in air at normal temperature and pressure
4. Wavelength
o Distance between similar points on successive waves; the distance the sound travels in one cycle
o Relationship between wavelength, frequency, and velocity:
Λ = c/f
Λ = wavelength, ft.2
c = velocity of sound, fps
f = frequency of sound, Hz (cps)
o Low frequency sounds: characterized by long wavelengths
o High frequency sounds: characterized by short wavelengths
o Sounds with wavelengths ranging from ½” – 50’ can be heard by humans
5. Magnitude
o Sound power (watts) – amount of energy produced by a source
o Intensity – describes the energy level; unit is watts/cm2
o Loudness (what is perceived) – related to the Intensity Level (IL) or Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
o The Sound Pressure Level (SPL) is equivalent to the Sound Intensity Level (IL)
o Intensity Level is expressed in decibels
o Decibel – dimensionless unit used to express the ratio of two numerical values of a logarithmic scale
Comparison of decimal, exponential, and logarithmic statements of various acoustic intensities
Intensity (watts/cm2) Intensity Level
Decimal Notation Exponential Notation Logarithmic Notation Examples
0.001 10-3 130 dB Painful
0.0001 10-4 120 dB
0.00001 10-5 110 dB 75-piece orchestra
0.000001 10-6 100 dB
0.0000001 10-7 90 dB Shouting at 5 ft.
0.000000001 10-9 70 dB Speech at 3ft.
0.00000000001 10-11 50 dB Average office
0.0000000000001 10-13 30 dB Quiet unoccupied office
0.00000000000001 10-14 20 dB Rural ambient
0.000000000000001 10-15 10 dB
0.0000000000000001 10-16 0 dB Threshold of hearing

o The fundamental relationship that determines the decibel level is ten times the logarithm to the base 10 of the numerical ratio of the two intensities. For example:
IL = 10 log I
I0
IL = intensity level
I = intensity, watts/cm2
I0 = reference intensity, 10-16 watts/cm2
4
6. Time Characteristics of Sound
o Some sounds remain constant with time (e.g. fan may produce a sound with constant frequency and intensity characteristics – a steady state sound)
o Sounds (traffic, voices, musical instruments) vary as a function of time
o Vehicular traffic sounds: maximum levels/levels exceeded for 90% of the time
o Speech sounds: 1% peaks
o Orchestra’s sound: long-term average levels
Behavior of Sound in a Free Field
• Sound intensity is reduced to one-quarter each time the distance doubles:

I1 and I2 are the intensities at distances d1 and d2 from the source
• The intensity of a sound at a distance from the source is expressed as the power (P) of the source divided by the area over which it has spread (A)
I = P/A
• If the sound radiates freely in all directions from a source the area is a sphere. The intensity is represented as:
I = P
4π r2
P = power in watts
r = distance from source in cm
In English units, the conversion factor is 930 cm2/ft4π r2Using this, the equation for spherical direction is:
I = P/930 x 4π r2
As the intensity is reduced to one-quarter with each doubling of distance, the sound pressure level (IL) is reduced by 6 dB. Quartering the intensity reduced the intensity level by 6 dB
• Sound attenuation is due to distance, absorption, or barriers
• Barriers, to be effective must be solid, quite large as compared to the wavelength of sound and near to the source or receiver
• Shrubs, hedges, small groves: visual barriers only; no value acoustically
• Sound Combining. Sounds from separate sources may combine. Two violins produce a louder sound than 1 instrument; 3 violins are louder still. Decibels are not added directly to make the perceived level twice as loud for 2 sources or 3 times as loud for 3. The level for combined sources is determined by adding powers, intensities or pressures; and subsequently converting to decibels. Doubling of intensities results in a 3 dB increase (e.g. 50 dB plus 50 dB is 53 dB, not 100 dB)

5
ROOM ACOUSTICS
Sound Indoors – Acoustics of Room
• Sound in an enclosure radiates out from the source until it hits a surface that reflects or absorbs it
• If the source is continuous, a state of equilibrium will be reached
• Levels are constant throughout most spaces except at points very near the source (for a given source, the built-up or reverberant levels will be highest in a space with a few absorptive surfaces – lobby with marble walls/floors; in a space with large areas of sound absorbing materials, the levels will be lowest
1. Sound Absorption
• Materials varying sound absorption characteristics
 Some absorb low frequency energy
 Some absorb high frequency energy
 Others absorb energy equally over a broad spectrum
• Mechanism of Absorption: 3 families of devices for sound absorption; all types absorb sound by changing sound energy to heat energy
 Fibrous materials (Porous materials): absorption provided by a specific material depends on thickness, density, porosity, resistance to air flow (e.g. materials must be thick to absorb low frequency sounds effectively; suspending an acoustical ceiling tile a foot below the structure results in better broad band absorption than cementing the tile directly to the structure; “acoustic” paints with sand or walnut shells are useless as sound absorbers
 Panel resonators: built with a membrane (thin plywood, linoleum in front of a sealed airspace); panel is set in motion by the alternating pressure of the impinging sound wave; sound energy is converted into heat through internal viscous damping; used where efficient low frequency absorption is required/ mid and high frequency absorption is unwanted; used in recording studios
 Volume resonators
• Coefficient of Absorption (α): Knowing the amount of absorption at different frequencies for each material in a room is essential in designing the room acoustics
 The absorption coefficient is the fraction of incident energy that is absorbed by a surface expressed as
α = Ia
Ii
Ii = incident energy, watts/cm2
Ia= absorbed energy, watts/cm2
α = absorption coefficient (no units)
 Total absorption (A) provided by a surface (S) is expressed in sabins
A = Sα
A = Total absorption, sabins
S = Surface area, sq ft
α = Coefficient of absorption

6
Coefficients of General Building Materials and Furnishings
Coefficients for absorption in auditorium is shown for both empty and occupied seating conditions


• Many products are prefabricated for sound absorbing treatment (suspended ceilings/wall mounted treatments
• 3 kinds of custom-designed treatments that are often used in auditoriums/churches (the deep air space insures adequate low frequency performance


2. Noise Reduction by Absorption
• Noise levels in a room are highest for a given source if the room’s surfaces are primarily sound reflecting; lowest if there are large areas of sound absorbing materials (e.g. sound absorbing ceilings
3. Reflections
4. Reverberation

[jaked]

bro thanx sa reviewer malaking tulong to...

[RADZCREEPER]

sir thank you po sa ibinahagi nyo saming na reviewer na ito.malaking tulong saming mga naghahandang magtake ng board exam....isang step nalang para maging ganap na arkitekto.

[nerak_zuproc]

http://arkireviewph.multiplmagtatake din lang po ako this coming june. Good luck to me.

[Bosepvance]

good luck sa mga mag tetake!

[agent7]

ask ko lang mga sir if si chairman ali parin po ba chairman?thanks!

[arch_venz]

ask ko lang po kung kelan po kayo nagexam? yun reviewer po ba na pinopost nyo yun mga topics nung exam nyo?

[orangearcilla]

wow nakakakaba naman to....

ask ko lang po kay jenaro kung recent lang tong mga notes nya...
kasi nakalagay dito kunwari RA 545. pero binago na daw, naging PD 9266 na cya ngayon..

thank you for posting the reviewers!!!
it realy helps A LOT.
tinype mo to isa isa? sipag a!

[jenaro]

wow nakakakaba naman to....

ask ko lang po kay jenaro kung recent lang tong mga notes nya...
kasi nakalagay dito kunwari RA 545. pero binago na daw, naging PD 9266 na cya ngayon..

thank you for posting the reviewers!!!
it realy helps A LOT.
tinype mo to isa isa? sipag a!

tama ka bro.mayron ding PD 9266...itong notes na ito ang iba nasa data bank na tinatawag...minsan unuulit un question

[jenaro]

ask ko lang mga sir if si chairman ali parin po ba chairman?thanks!

sa pagkaalam ko last term na nila ito nakaraang board exam...bago na din ang National Pres ng UAP...si Archt. Ana na...

[Stryker]

wow nakakakaba naman to....

ask ko lang po kay jenaro kung recent lang tong mga notes nya...
kasi nakalagay dito kunwari RA 545. pero binago na daw, naging PD 9266 na cya ngayon..

thank you for posting the reviewers!!!
it realy helps A LOT.
tinype mo to isa isa? sipag a!

tama ka bro.mayron ding PD 9266...itong notes na ito ang iba nasa data bank na tinatawag...minsan unuulit un question

Correction lang mga sir....! RA 9266 po, hindi PD 9266.

" An act providing for a more responsive and comprehensive regulation for the registration, licensing and practice of Architecture, repealing for the purpose Republic Act 545, as amended , otherwise known as "An act to regulate the practice of architecture in the Philippines," and for other purposes.

[jenaro]

thnx bro!napa PD tuloy ako kasi PD dn nilagay nya...hahahhaha

[ramn_and]

AYOS KA SIR

[orangearcilla]

sorry guys, nagkamali lang ako sa pagtype.

thanks again for the reviewers

[arkitrix]

arkitekto talaga si sir jen... laking tulong nga itong share mo... may mga taong madaling pumasa... may mga taong hindi rin madaling pumasa.. swerte swerte din yan.. dapat mayroon ka nito.. spiritual, mental and physical... unahin mo syempre si Lord..

[jenaro]

sa mga kukuha dito sa UAE...malapit lapit na ang araw na inaantay nyo,God bless sa mga kukuha!sana nakatulong itong thread handog ng CGP Family!

[bluedevil]

thanks a lot bossing realy big help to us, for planning to take the exam insha ala....

[bakugan]

Salamat po sa mga nagshare malaking tulong na po ito, lalong lalo na sayo sir jenaro thank you po ulit ang galing mo bro.

[lord_clef]

sir jenaro,,laking tulong nito di lng sa akin kundi sa lhat.maraming salamat po.pag pasa ko kaw agad ttreat ay papsalalamatan ko..mabuhay ka..mabuhay ang cgp

[bluedevil]

sirs and mams anyone knows kung ano lumabas sa exam sa abu dhabi this month para mi idea, marami2 din pumasa ryt salamat po nd advance hapi new year everyone...

[nerak_zuproc]

pag ako ba graduate ng may 2008 pwede na ba akung magtake ng exam this coming june ba or july mga sirs?

@ topic, maraming salamat po dito, malakng tulong po ito

[jenaro]

pag ako ba graduate ng may 2008 pwede na ba akung magtake ng exam this coming june ba or july mga sirs?

@ topic, maraming salamat po dito, malakng tulong po ito

june 2010?pede na...di naman years/days ang binibilang kundi hours of work.check mo na lang ung logbook.nagiging 2 years un kasi ung hours ng work nakapartition,di naman maniniwala ang Board kung a day 20 hours ka ngwowork.pedeng pede ka na take bro sa june 2010.God bless,pagigihan mo!

[Stryker]

Good Luck sa mga kukuha ngaun January,,,!

[bluedevil]

bro jen meron ba loogbook d2 sa UAE,plan ko sana take this year in sha ala...

[nerak_zuproc]

Tanung ko lang po. . Naguguluhan kasi ako. Applicable prin po ba ito ngayun?

 OTHER INFO
• Apprentice – Designer – Draftsman
- signed by Filipino architect
- current and valid ITR
- under minimum of 6 months work with architect
- maximum of four architects to sign the logbook
- 3840 hours
- while studying, 4 hours a day may count
- 8 hours a day when working
- overtime, Saturday and Sundays are not included
- submission of logbook is 30 days before the board exam

Kasi 1 year palang yung friend ko na nagaaprentice pero, nagwowork na siya kahit nung nagaaral pa . Okey lang po ba na 1 year lang siyang nagapprentice?, then yung ibang oras nung nagaaral siya? plan po niya kasing kumuha ng exam this coming june, bago siya magtungo ng US. sana may makasagot dito.

[jenaro]

Tanung ko lang po. . Naguguluhan kasi ako. Applicable prin po ba ito ngayun?

 OTHER INFO
• Apprentice – Designer – Draftsman
- signed by Filipino architect
- current and valid ITR
- under minimum of 6 months work with architect
- maximum of four architects to sign the logbook
- 3840 hours
- while studying, 4 hours a day may count
- 8 hours a day when working
- overtime, Saturday and Sundays are not included
- submission of logbook is 30 days before the board exam

Kasi 1 year palang yung friend ko na nagaaprentice pero, nagwowork na siya kahit nung nagaaral pa . Okey lang po ba na 1 year lang siyang nagapprentice?, then yung ibang oras nung nagaaral siya? plan po niya kasing kumuha ng exam this coming june, bago siya magtungo ng US. sana may makasagot dito.

OT:BIG NO for this,3840 hours within a year imposibleng makuha nya ito.may nadagdag pa nga dito IAPOA Certificate of the Architect.Ung hours kasi ilalagay yan sa logbook.working student din ako nuon kung counted lang ung before graduation eh baka pagkagraduate ko eh pede na ako kumuha.hehehehheh,3840 starts after graduation.haizzzzz

[nerak_zuproc]

naku, ganun ba. Akala namin pupwede ito. Ang gulo ng statement ah. Sabi nila batch 2009 pwede na ang 1 year apprentenship. Oh mali lang ang dinig namin. he he

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