Architectural Board Exam Reviewer

[jenaro]

First topic message reminder :

Mga sir share ko lang ung mga reviewer na ito....share nyo din kung mayron din kayo...thnx!

ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS
compiled & edited by Arch. Jenaro A. Villamor, uap
Definitions of ACOUSTICS:
1. branch of physics concerned with sound
2. deals with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound
Almost all acoustical situations are described in 3 parts (elements):
1. Sound Source ( e.g. human speech, HVAC equipment)
2. Transmission Path (e.g. air, earth, building materials)
3. Receiver (e.g. humans, animals, sensitive medical equipment)
ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS
1. technology of designing spaces, structures and mechanical systems to meet hearing needs
2. effect of building design on the control of sound in buildings
3 Aspects of Acoustical Design in Buildings
1. Planning to keep noise sources as far as possible from quiet area
2. Internal acoustics of rooms
3. Structural precautions to reduce noise penetrations
Essential Elements of Architectural Acoustics:
1. Room Acoustics – the qualities or characteristics of a room, auditorium, or concert hall that determine the audibility of speech or fidelity of musical sound in it
• Cubic volume (and coupled spaces)
• Shape and proportion (length-to-width, height-to-width)
• Finishes (selection and placement)
• Audience layout ( floor slope, speaker-to-listener distances)
• Special treatment ( suspended reflectors, resonant absorbers, quadratic-residue diffusers)
2. Sound Isolation – the use of building materials and construction assemblies designed to reduce the transmission of airborne and structure-borne sound from one room to another or from the exterior to the interior of a building (Sound Insulation)
• Site noise characteristics (sound level, character, duration)
• Outdoor barriers, nearby buildings, vegetation, and earth berms
• Location of activities within buildings (zoning, buffer spaces)
• Background noise criteria (HVAC system, electronic)
3. Mechanical system noise and vibrations
• Equipment noise characteristics
• Location of mechanical equipment
• Vibration isolation ( springs, pads)
• Air duct and pipe treatment ( linings, mufflers, laggings)
• Background noise from air outlets (coordination with sound isolation)
4. Electronic sound systems
• System compatibility with room acoustics
• Loudspeaker selection, placement and orientation
• System components and controls
• Background masking (loudspeaker layout, sound spectra)

Definitions of SOUND 2
1. physical wave in an elastic medium, usually air
2. the sensation stimulated in the organs of hearing by mechanical radiant energy transmitted as longitudinal pressure waves through the air or other medium
3. a vibration in an elastic medium such as air, water, most building materials, and the earth
4. physically, sound is a rapid fluctuation of air pressure
Types of Sound
1. Wanted Sound (speech, music) – heard properly
o considered desirable
o heard properly
2. Unwanted Sound (noise) – annoyance
o annoyance
o not desired or objectionable
Characteristics of Sound
1. Audible
2. Inaudible
Basic Principles of Sound - understanding the characteristics of sound is essential in designing for good acoustics)
1. Generation
o sound is generated when an object vibrates, causing the adjacent air to move, resulting in a series of pressure waves radiating out from the moving object
o Wave – a disturbance or oscillation that transfers energy progressively from point to point in a medium or space without advance by the points themselves, as in the transmission of sound or light
o Sound Wave – a longitudinal pressure wave in air or an elastic medium esp. one producing an audible sensation
2. Frequency
o the no. of times the cycle of compression and rarefaction of air occurs in a given unit of time (e.g. 1000 cycles in the period of 1 second = 1000 cps = 1000 Hertz)
o the no. of cycles per unit time of a wave or oscillation
o the no. of complete cycles per second (frequency of vibration)
o the rate of oscillation of molecules by sound (frequency of vibration) measured in cycles per second (Hertz)
o Pitch – frequency of sound vibration; the predominant frequency of a sound as perceived by the human ear
o Vibration – the back and forth motion of a complete cycle
o Cycle – full circuit by a displaced particle
o Period – the time required for one complete cycle
o 20 – 20,000 Hz – approx. audio frequency range of human hearing;
o 600 – 40,000 Hz – critical frequency for speech communication
o Tone – composed of a fundamental frequency with multiples of the fundamental, called Harmonics
o Pure Tone – sound composed only of 1 frequency
o Musical sounds are combination of many pure tones
o Frequency bands – used to express division of sounds into sections (Octave bands are the most common)
o 9 Octave Bands – 31.5, 63, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 Hz
3
3. Velocity
o varies according to the medium of transmission; approx. 1100 fps in air at normal temperature and pressure
4. Wavelength
o Distance between similar points on successive waves; the distance the sound travels in one cycle
o Relationship between wavelength, frequency, and velocity:
Λ = c/f
Λ = wavelength, ft.2
c = velocity of sound, fps
f = frequency of sound, Hz (cps)
o Low frequency sounds: characterized by long wavelengths
o High frequency sounds: characterized by short wavelengths
o Sounds with wavelengths ranging from ½” – 50’ can be heard by humans
5. Magnitude
o Sound power (watts) – amount of energy produced by a source
o Intensity – describes the energy level; unit is watts/cm2
o Loudness (what is perceived) – related to the Intensity Level (IL) or Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
o The Sound Pressure Level (SPL) is equivalent to the Sound Intensity Level (IL)
o Intensity Level is expressed in decibels
o Decibel – dimensionless unit used to express the ratio of two numerical values of a logarithmic scale
Comparison of decimal, exponential, and logarithmic statements of various acoustic intensities
Intensity (watts/cm2) Intensity Level
Decimal Notation Exponential Notation Logarithmic Notation Examples
0.001 10-3 130 dB Painful
0.0001 10-4 120 dB
0.00001 10-5 110 dB 75-piece orchestra
0.000001 10-6 100 dB
0.0000001 10-7 90 dB Shouting at 5 ft.
0.000000001 10-9 70 dB Speech at 3ft.
0.00000000001 10-11 50 dB Average office
0.0000000000001 10-13 30 dB Quiet unoccupied office
0.00000000000001 10-14 20 dB Rural ambient
0.000000000000001 10-15 10 dB
0.0000000000000001 10-16 0 dB Threshold of hearing

o The fundamental relationship that determines the decibel level is ten times the logarithm to the base 10 of the numerical ratio of the two intensities. For example:
IL = 10 log I
I0
IL = intensity level
I = intensity, watts/cm2
I0 = reference intensity, 10-16 watts/cm2
4
6. Time Characteristics of Sound
o Some sounds remain constant with time (e.g. fan may produce a sound with constant frequency and intensity characteristics – a steady state sound)
o Sounds (traffic, voices, musical instruments) vary as a function of time
o Vehicular traffic sounds: maximum levels/levels exceeded for 90% of the time
o Speech sounds: 1% peaks
o Orchestra’s sound: long-term average levels
Behavior of Sound in a Free Field
• Sound intensity is reduced to one-quarter each time the distance doubles:

I1 and I2 are the intensities at distances d1 and d2 from the source
• The intensity of a sound at a distance from the source is expressed as the power (P) of the source divided by the area over which it has spread (A)
I = P/A
• If the sound radiates freely in all directions from a source the area is a sphere. The intensity is represented as:
I = P
4π r2
P = power in watts
r = distance from source in cm
In English units, the conversion factor is 930 cm2/ft4π r2Using this, the equation for spherical direction is:
I = P/930 x 4π r2
As the intensity is reduced to one-quarter with each doubling of distance, the sound pressure level (IL) is reduced by 6 dB. Quartering the intensity reduced the intensity level by 6 dB
• Sound attenuation is due to distance, absorption, or barriers
• Barriers, to be effective must be solid, quite large as compared to the wavelength of sound and near to the source or receiver
• Shrubs, hedges, small groves: visual barriers only; no value acoustically
• Sound Combining. Sounds from separate sources may combine. Two violins produce a louder sound than 1 instrument; 3 violins are louder still. Decibels are not added directly to make the perceived level twice as loud for 2 sources or 3 times as loud for 3. The level for combined sources is determined by adding powers, intensities or pressures; and subsequently converting to decibels. Doubling of intensities results in a 3 dB increase (e.g. 50 dB plus 50 dB is 53 dB, not 100 dB)

5
ROOM ACOUSTICS
Sound Indoors – Acoustics of Room
• Sound in an enclosure radiates out from the source until it hits a surface that reflects or absorbs it
• If the source is continuous, a state of equilibrium will be reached
• Levels are constant throughout most spaces except at points very near the source (for a given source, the built-up or reverberant levels will be highest in a space with a few absorptive surfaces – lobby with marble walls/floors; in a space with large areas of sound absorbing materials, the levels will be lowest
1. Sound Absorption
• Materials varying sound absorption characteristics
 Some absorb low frequency energy
 Some absorb high frequency energy
 Others absorb energy equally over a broad spectrum
• Mechanism of Absorption: 3 families of devices for sound absorption; all types absorb sound by changing sound energy to heat energy
 Fibrous materials (Porous materials): absorption provided by a specific material depends on thickness, density, porosity, resistance to air flow (e.g. materials must be thick to absorb low frequency sounds effectively; suspending an acoustical ceiling tile a foot below the structure results in better broad band absorption than cementing the tile directly to the structure; “acoustic” paints with sand or walnut shells are useless as sound absorbers
 Panel resonators: built with a membrane (thin plywood, linoleum in front of a sealed airspace); panel is set in motion by the alternating pressure of the impinging sound wave; sound energy is converted into heat through internal viscous damping; used where efficient low frequency absorption is required/ mid and high frequency absorption is unwanted; used in recording studios
 Volume resonators
• Coefficient of Absorption (α): Knowing the amount of absorption at different frequencies for each material in a room is essential in designing the room acoustics
 The absorption coefficient is the fraction of incident energy that is absorbed by a surface expressed as
α = Ia
Ii
Ii = incident energy, watts/cm2
Ia= absorbed energy, watts/cm2
α = absorption coefficient (no units)
 Total absorption (A) provided by a surface (S) is expressed in sabins
A = Sα
A = Total absorption, sabins
S = Surface area, sq ft
α = Coefficient of absorption

6
Coefficients of General Building Materials and Furnishings
Coefficients for absorption in auditorium is shown for both empty and occupied seating conditions


• Many products are prefabricated for sound absorbing treatment (suspended ceilings/wall mounted treatments
• 3 kinds of custom-designed treatments that are often used in auditoriums/churches (the deep air space insures adequate low frequency performance


2. Noise Reduction by Absorption
• Noise levels in a room are highest for a given source if the room’s surfaces are primarily sound reflecting; lowest if there are large areas of sound absorbing materials (e.g. sound absorbing ceilings
3. Reflections
4. Reverberation

[AUSTRIA]

Well actually I did my best...kahit first and second day pinagbutihan ko talaga, pero nagmadali ako na makatapos kasi pare parehas
ang sagot...halos lahat tama...nakakainis ...kaya na frustrate ako plano ko na nga di ituloy sa third day eh..Buti na lang nag trip ako sabi ko sa sarili ko ito na yung chance na i design ko ang gusto ko na syempre tama naman at patunayan sa board member na karapat dapat akong Architekto...and thanks God it works ....no need to mention na lang ang grade malapit na sa 100... (di naman po sa pagmamayabang)for the sake na ma inspire naman dito ang mag take ng exam....Guys number one ang Prayer (if you need my help kung papaano ko nagawa ang design ko ng mataas just PM na lang and I will help you dun sa mag exam sa June) God bless you.....

[jenaro]

Well actually I did my best...kahit first and second day pinagbutihan ko talaga, pero nagmadali ako na makatapos kasi pare parehas
ang sagot...halos lahat tama...nakakainis ...kaya na frustrate ako plano ko na nga di ituloy sa third day eh..Buti na lang nag trip ako sabi ko sa sarili ko ito na yung chance na i design ko ang gusto ko na syempre tama naman at patunayan sa board member na karapat dapat akong Architekto...and thanks God it works ....no need to mention na lang ang grade malapit na sa 100... (di naman po sa pagmamayabang)for the sake na ma inspire naman dito ang mag take ng exam....Guys number one ang Prayer (if you need my help kung papaano ko nagawa ang design ko ng mataas just PM na lang and I will help you dun sa mag exam sa June) God bless you.....

tama lahat ng sinabi nyo sir!prayers...number one un...sya bahala sa taas ako bahala sa baba...im sure kung mahihirapan tyo eh his up der to help us.

[manoy]

Isang tip.....Hwag kayo mag concentrate sa History of Architecture....sampung tanung lang yan normally...try to concentrate sa PRofessional Practice....sa board exam paulit ulit lang ang mga tanong so try to collect past board exam questionaires tapos basahin nyo ng paulit ulit sure ako papasa kayo...

Pahabol...sa mg magtatake ng exam 2 days befoe the exam wag na kayo mag review....mag liwaliw kayo at mag relax para mawala ang pressure. Pag pressured kasi kayo ma mental block kayo.


Last na....hehe. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE ni CHING...karamihan ng tanong galing dyan...

GOOD LUCK!!!!

[jenaro]

PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

COURSE OUTILE:
A. Administering the regular services of architecture
1. Definition of the architect’s role in the building industry
2. Liabilities and responsibilities
3. Methods of selecting the architect
4. The architectural projects
5. The professional fees
6. Inter-professional relationships

B. The spectrum of the architect’s services
1. The pre-design services
2. The regular design services
3. Specialized allied services
4. Construction services
5. Post-construction services
6. Comprehensive architectural services
7. Design-build services

C. Building Laws
1. The laws regulating the practice of architecture
2. The laws affecting housing, real estate, design, general construction, etc.
3. The general conditions of a contract

 ARCHITECT
- legally and technically qualified to practice architecture.

Legally
1. 21 years old
2. Pass the board exam with an average of 70% and with no day falling below 50%
Day 1 30% history of architecture
professional practice
building tech.
Day 2 30% utilities
structural
Day 3 40% architectural design
3. Registered
a. PRC – renewable every 3 years during your birth month
b. BIR
• RC – residence certificate
• PTR – professional tax receipt
• OR – official receipt
c. SEC – security exchange committee
d. LGU – local government unit
e. DTI – department of trade and industry
4. Filipino

Technically
1. Graduate of BS Architecture
2. 2 years diversified training experience

architect
1. Concept 5M’s
2. Document Resources in
-reports; pictures; Construction
graphics; draw 1. materials
3. Implement 2. money
4. Post Implementation 3. manpower
4. machines
5. minutes
 CODES OF ETHICS
1. General objectives
2. Ideals
3. Success
4. Remuneration
5. Interest of the clients
6. Professional prerogatives
7. Business venture
8. Behavior
9. Criticism
10. Creative endeavor

 METHODS OF SELECTION OF ARCHITECT
1. Direct Selection
2. Indirect Selection
a. Referral from another architect
b. Recommendation from a satisfied client
c. Comparative Selection
3. Design Competition

 CLASSIFICATION OF ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS
1. NBC – use and occupancy
(National Building Code)
2. FCP – risk of the occurrence of fire
(Fire Code of the Philippines)
3. UAP – degree of difficulty in design
(United Architect’s of the Philippines)

 LIST OF ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS
1. Simple projects
2. Moderate structures
3. Exceptional structures
4. Residential
5. Monumental structures
6. Repetitive construction
7. Housing projects
8. Extensive detailing
9. Alterations and renovations
10. Consultations and arbitration

Group 1. Simple Projects
- requires no interior partitions
a. Armories
b. Bakery
c. Hangar

Minimum basic fee: 6% of the cost
50M or less: 6%=A
50M to 100M: A+5%=B
100M to 200M: B+4%

example:
55M project
50M – 3M
5M – 0.25M
55M – 3.25M

Group 2. Moderate Structures
- have interior partitions
a. Art galleries
b. City halls
c. Libraries
d. Supermarkets
e. Banks

Minimum basic fee: 7% of the cost

Group 3. Exceptional Structures
- with consultants
a. Atomic facilities (physicist)
b. Aquarium (marine biologist)
c. Mortuary
d. Medical facilities / hospital
(electrical engineer)

Minimum basic fee: 8%
Group 4. Residential
Minimum basic fee: 10%

Notes:
** Condominium
- Considered as high-rise residential building.
- According to FCP:
a. considered as “exceptional”
b. 15m above is considered a high-rise building that requires consultants for:
- elevator
- sprinklers
- structural engineer

Dominant Use
- Basis for classification of groupings
- Example is Mix-Use building

Group 5. Monumental Structures
- it requires concept
a. expositions
b. mausoleums
c. museums
d. gateways
Minimum basic fee: 12%

Group 6. Repetitive Construction
- using one and the same plan without any minute difference
- used several times
- includes group 1,2,3,&5
1st unit : MBF of Grp. 1,2,3 or 5
2nd unit : 80% of MBF
3rd unit : 60% of MBF
4th to infinity : 40% of MBF


Group 7. Housing Projects
- includes only houses
1st unit : MBF
2nd – 10th unit : (60% of MBF x N) = B
11th – infinity : B+(30% of MBF x N)

where: N = no. of units

Group 8. Extensive Detailing
- includes detailing of furniture, cabinets, landscapes and interior

Minimum basic fee: 15%

Group 9. Alterations and Renovations
- includes groups 1.2.3.4&5

Minimum basic fee: MBF + 50% of MBF


Group 10. Consultation and Arbitration
- architect is entitled to receive payment on clients when giving an opinion regarding architectural terms
- as of 1979: P200.00 per hour rate

 METHODS OF COMPENSATION

1. Percentage of construction cost
- based on minimum basic fee
2. Multiple of Direct Personnel Expense (MDPE)
- none creative “no-construction” projects.
- ex. feasibility studies
Architect: NRTMf
Consultants: NRTMf
Staff: NRTMf
Professional Fee: Direct Cost + MP + RE

where:
T : time spend on the project
N : number of person
R : rate
Mf: multiplying factor (2.0-2.5)
RE: reimbursable expenses
MP: margin of profit
-not more than or equal
to 30%

- reimbursable expenses
a. mutual agreement
b. pertinent to the project
c. occur outside of the 100Km radius from the base of operation or office

3. Lump Sum + Fixed Fee
- convert the cost to the nearest whole number
4. Professional Fee + Costs
5. Combination Method
- combination of 1,2,3&4
6. Per Diem
7. “Turn Key”
- payments received after all the works has been done


Note:
** 15 days – receive payment after all the working drawings have been submitted.

 SCHEDULE OF PAYMENT

Contractor
1. downpayment: 20% - 50%
2. progressive payment: based on partial complition
3. guaranteed bond:
punch listing – inspect the building upon completion
Specialized Allied Services
1. proposal phase: 5%
2. submission and acceptance
of preliminary drawings: 25%
3. submission and acceptance
of final drawings: 50%
4. retention fee: 20%
total 100%

Architect
1. proposal phase 5%
2. schematic design phase 15%
3. submittance of design
development phase 15%
4. contract document phase 50%
5. construction phase or
retention fee 15%
total 100%


Notes:
** To get the proposal phase of the architect

from the lot area, determine the buildable area
buildable area = lot area – open spaces

** rule of thumb: 30% open area
ex. buildable area: 100sqm – 30sqm
: 70sqm
: P20,000 x 70
: P1,400,000.00

AE (architectural/engineering fee): 10%
: 140,000.00

proposal phase of 5% = P7,000.00

 THE SPECTRUM OF THE ARCHITECT’S SERVICES

UAP Doc. 201
The pre-Design Services
- non-creative projects (MDPE)

Economic feasibility studies
Physical planning services
Architectural programming services
Site selection and analysis
Site utilization and land-use
Space management
Promotional services

UAP Doc. 202
Regular Design Services
- sequential process

Schematic design phase
-integrated regular engineering services
Design development phase
Contract document phase
General conditions
Agreement
Specifications
Special Provisions
Drawings
Construction phase
Milestones of Construction
1. Establishment of References
a. horizontal references
- lot plan, benchmark
b. vertical references
- positioning of elevations
staking plan – positioning of wood as marks for the start of digging and excavation.

2. Excavation
- supervised by the architect and the structural engineer
3. Reinforcements
- check size of bars, spacing, splicing and number of bars.

Support bars for installation of slab reinforcement: “sapatos” or spacer

4. Concreting
5. Finishing

[jenaro]

UAP Doc. 203
Specialized Allied Services
- requires consultants, having specified licenses

Physical planning services
Interior design
Landscape architecture
Acoustics, communications and electronics
Comprehensive planning services


Note:
Estimate
** structural: P50.00 – P80.00 per sqm

A. Physical Planning Services

3 types:
1. Site Development Planning
- as of 1979: P5,000.00/has


2. Subdivision Planning in the Urban Area
- as of 1979: P3,000.00/has

Subdivision planning – subdividing or parceling of large lots into smaller lots.

3. Subdivision Planning in the Rural Area
- as of 1979: P2,000.00/has
civil works
- get paid 4% of the cost of the work
- additional 30% if the terrain is rugged
B. Interior Design
2 types:
1. Interior Decoration
- mainly furniture
2. Interior Design/Architecture
- combination or integration of furniture to its location
minimum basic fee:
- 12% - 20% of the cost of the work
- 15% is mostly used

C. Landscape Architecture
Minimum basic fee: 10% - 15%

D. Acoustics, Communications and Electronics
Minimum basic fee: 10% - 15%

E. Comprehensive Planning
1. Physical planning services
2. Economic planning services
3. Socio-cultural planning services
4. Transportation and utilities planning services
- roads and bridges
5. Legal and administrative
- includes form of government

UAP Doc. 204
Construction Services

F full-time supervision: 1% - 1-1/2%
- supervision of the architect on site or its representative from 8am – 5pm
Cm construction management:
1-1/2% - 3%
Pm project management:
2% - 5%


UAP Doc. 205
Post-Construction Services
- making the structure habitable and has occupancy permit

Be Bldg. and equipment maintenance
Bg Bldg. and grounds administration

PAYMENT SCHEMES
1. Salary method
2. 45 to 6% of the gross monthly rentals

UAP Doc. 206
Comprehensive Architectural Services
- inclusion of UAP Doc. 201 - 205
- package services

UAP Doc. 207
Design-Build Services
- guaranteed maximum cost 10%

a. Design-build administration
b. Design-build guaranteed maximum cost

Contractor
- holds the money
- purchase the materials
- payment for laborers

Builder
- compute the payroll
- submit computed payroll to the owner
- canvass and identify suppliers
- no responsibilities in holding the money

 UAP Doc. 301: GENERAL CONDITIONS OF A CONTRACT

It establishes the relationship between: Owner-Architect, Owner-Contractor(s), and Contractor-Architect. It stipulates the norms by which the contractor shall perform his work in accordance with the current trends in the practice of Architecture.

Section 1. Definition and Documents
Article 1. Definitions
Article 2. Execution, Correlation and Intent of
Document
Article 3. Drawings and Specifications
b. As-built
c. Detailed Drawings
d. Shop Drawings
e. Working Drawing
Notes:
Construction
** 6” to 8” - distances of nails
** Every 4” - distances of rivet at ridge roll for roofing
5 Sets of Blue Prints
1 – office of the building official
1 – contractor
1 – owner
1 – fire department
1 – site:
• Only the architect can use the copy at the site.
• May cause “termination” of the contractor in case of lost or mishandled.
• Well-kept at the site.
• Protected by electrical tape, binded by wood and screw and supported by acetate cover.

Additional 4 copies of blue prints
1- homeowner association
1- security of homeowner association
ex: town house, condominium, subdivision, etc.
2 – lending institution
a. file
b. appraiser

** 9 copies are free of charge and the succeeding copies are payable.
Conflicts on drawings and specifications or text
• specifications or text will prevail
• if not stated on drawings and specification,
the contractor has the right to do it in the most expensive manner, still the materials have to be approved by the architect.

Section 2
1. Laws
2. Regulations
3. Site Conditions
- the architect should do ocular inspection of the site
4. Permits
- responsibility of the contractor to provide permit on his own expense
5. Taxes
- whoever gains pays tax
6. Insurance
a. life insurance
b. property insurance
7. Survey
- actual verification of size of the lots at the cost of the owner
- re-survey when problem occur but at his own expense

Section 3. Equipment and Materials
o Equipments written on quotation submitted by the contractor must comply with actual usage.
o Materials should follow what is written on specifications.

Section 4. Premises and Temporary Facilities
o Define by property line
o Consideration of safety of adjacent lots and users.
Temporary Facilities
1. warehouse
2. bankhouse or barracks
- for stay-in workers
3. office
- for architect’s negotiations
4. utilities
- water, electrical sources, etc.
5. access
- road, pathways, etc.
6. trial usage
7. enclosures
8. signage
- “falling debris”
- “park at your own risk”

Section 5. Protection of Work and Property

Section 6
1. Labor
a. Quantity: no. of worker, lesser the worker when construction is almost finish
b. Quality: proper work designation such as painter, carpenter, steel man, etc.
2. Work
- based on specifications and plans

duration – include ‘liquidated damages’ which means delayed construction to be deducted to the fee.
a. working days – Monday to Friday
b. calendar days – number of days including Saturday, Sunday and holidays
3. Payment
- no payment shall be made without the approval of the architect.
Notes:
** duration starts counting 7 days after the acceptance of NTP ‘notice to proceed’.
** within 7 days: mobilization and materials were prepared.
** immediately means 5 days
** s-curve – allowable deficiency is 10%

Contractor
1. Certificate of completion (partial)
2. Request for Inspection
3. Billing
4. Certificate of Non-Financial

When “accepted”
- the architect furnish certificates to the owner:
1. Certificate of acceptance
2. Certificate of payment

Notes:
** the contractor may not be paid till 90 days before he go to court.
** substantial completion (98%): the contractor may e paid 100%

Section 7. Contractor-Separate;
Contractors-Subcontractors relations

Section 8. Suspension of Work
People who can suspend work: owner and contractor
1. Owner
a. Bankruptcy – declared by BIR
b. Insubordination – not following orders
c. Non payment
2. Contractor
a. Government stoppage of work
b. Non action of request
- drawings
- materials
- inspection
c. Non payment of workers or materials

Notes:
Involving numbers
** 5 days – means immediately
** 7 days – NTP ‘ notice to proceed’
** 10 days – request for materials and drawings
– notice (stop, begin or resume)
** 15 days – money matters (request for inspection, payments, salary and wages)
** 30 days – arbitration
** 90 days – government stoppage
** 120 days – Building Permit (stoppage)
** 365 days – Building Permit (without construction)
– 3 consecutive board examination failures
– guaranteed bond
– reinstatement
** 3 years – renewal of license
** 15 years – liability of architect to his project

 BUILDING LAWS

Practice of Architecture
1. RA 545 – The Architectural Law
2. PD 49 – Intellectual Property Law
3. PD 223 – The Law that created the PRC
** Hon. Antonieta Fortuna-Ibe (head)
4. LOI 1000 – The letter of Inspection Mandating Government support only to the A.P.O.
5. EO 164 – The Executive order regulating the hiring of foreign consultants
Article 1. Organization
Article 2. Registration and Exam
** Qualifications
a. 21 years old
b. Filipino
c. Graduate of BS Architecture
d. 2 years diversified experience
e. High-School Graduate

Article 3. Sundry Provision
a. Foreigners cannot practice if there is no reciprocity
b. Corporation cannot practice architecture
c. Architect who’s employed by the government cannot practice architecture privately

Termination of License
1. Fraudulent Acts
2. Scandalous Acts
3. Criminal Acts
a. Life
b. Property
4. Unsound mind
5. Violation of Code of Ethics

Note:
Designers
** ADB Building – Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM)
** Bureau of Soil – Japanese architect
** Lung Center and Health Center – George Ramos
** World Trade Center – Minoro Yamasaki
** Only the architect may sign the ‘Architectural Plans’

 LAWS THAT AFFECTS HOUSING, GEN. CONSTRUCTION, DESIGN, REAL ESTATE, ETC.

1. PD 1096 – The National Building Code
2. PD 957 – The Condominium and Subdivision Buyers Protective Law
3. BP 220 – The Socialized Housing Law
4. BP 344 – The Law Enhancing the Mobility of the Disabled (The Accessibility Law)
5. PD 1185 – The Fire Code of the Philippines

Notes:
** former president Ferdinand Marcos signed most of these laws
** Architect Roberto “Pentong” Gaite – architect to juries
** Building Permit – issued to buildings having a cost of P15,000.00 of indigenous materials
** Hon. Florante Soriquez – secretary of DPWH

 PRIORITY CHAPTERS TO STUDY

NBC:
1. Chapter 1 – General Provision
2. Chapter 2 – Adm. and Enforcement
3. Chapter 3 – Permits and Inspection
4. Chapter 7- Classification and Use
5. Chapter 8 – Light and Ventilation
6. Chapter 12 – Gen. Design and Construction

 OTHER INFO
• Apprentice – Designer – Draftsman
- signed by Filipino architect
- current and valid ITR
- under minimum of 6 months work with architect
- maximum of four architects to sign the logbook
- 3840 hours
- while studying, 4 hours a day may count
- 8 hours a day when working
- overtime, Saturday and Sundays are not included
- submission of logbook is 30 days before the board exam

[manoy]

Eto sanitation code!!!!
http://www.fmh.ph/clp/presidential_decree_no_856.htm

[manoy]

Eto pa isa. ACCESSIBILITY LAW!!
http://www.fmh.ph/clp/batas_pambansa_blg1.htm

[manoy]

O eto pa isa........SOCIALIZED HOUSING LAW!!!
http://www.fmh.ph/clp/batas_pambansa_blg.htm

[jenaro]

MASTER PLANNERS

Tomas Mapua
- his most enduring contribution is the Mapua institute of Technology, which is the oldest architectural school in the country

- the first registered architect in the Philippines and worked with the Bureau of Public Works

- best works:
1. De La Salle University – classical revivalist influences
2. Nurses’ Home at the Philippine General Hospital compound – Italian renaissance

Andres Luna de San Pedro
- the son of the great Filipino painter Juan Luna

- best works:
1. Legarda Elementary School – French renaissance
2. Rafael Fernandez House – French renaissance and official residence of Corazon Aquino during her presidency
3. Perez-Samanillo Building – art deco and modern style
4. Crystal Arcade – art deco and modern style, precursor of the modern-day shopping mall
5. Perkin’s House – also known as “El Nido” (The Nest), awarded first prize in Manila’s 1925 House Beautiful Contest

Juan Nakpil
- the first architect to be conferred the National Artist award in 1973 for “… his outstanding talents and services in creating edifices, both private and public, that are conceptually well designed and conscientiously executed”

- dictum “ less in more”

- best works:
1. Quezon Institute – superimposed a native touch on the art deco façade through the high-pitch roof in the central building
2. The Ever Theater – the first to use glass as prominent architectural material

Pablo Antonio
- best works:
1. Philippine National Bank
2. Manila Railroad Company
3. Far Eastern University

Leandro Locsin
- the poet of space, known for his lyrical articulation of space as defined by stark modernity, spatial purity, expansive strength, distinct outlines and straightforward geometry

- he produced 71 residences, 81 buildings and sultanate palace

- best works:
1. University of the Philippines Catholic Chapel
2. St. Andrew Church in Bel-Air, Makati
3. Cultural Center of the Philippines
4. Philippines International Convention Center
5. Folk Arts Theater
6. National Arts Center on Mt. Makiling
7. Ninoy Aquino International Airport terminal Tower One in Ayala
8. Mandarin Hotel

- most impressive work:
1. Istana Nurul Iman (Palace of Religious Light) – the palace of the Sultan of Brunei, which reinterprets traditional Islamic Southeast Asian motifs based on a modernist idiom

Francisco Maňosa
- best work:
1. Tahanang Filipino (Coconut Palace) – a luxurious guesthouse at the CCP Complex. It showcased a double roof reminiscent of the salakot (a wide brimmed hat) and swing-out (naka-tukod) window borrowed from the bahay kubo

Juan Arellano
- best works:
1. Legislative Building (now the National Museum) on Agrifina Circle – neoclassicism
2. Post Office Building at Liwasang Bonifacio
3. Metropolitan Theater – colorist art deco, considered as the zenith of Art Deco aesthetics in the Philippines, exterior and interior exhibit locally mediated approaches such as detailing : tropical fruits and flora motifs, bamboo banister railings, carved banana and mango ceiling relief, and Batik mosaic patterns



SPANISH ARCHITECTURE

BAHAY NA BATO
- brought about 19th century by the changes in society and economy
- 3 possible origins
1. BAHAY KUBO – pointed roof, concept of space (“space surrounded by space…”) and ventilation (wide window), “silong”, open plan
2. TRIBAL LEADER’S HOUSE – strong construction; spacious with many furniture and rooms; elaborate decoration; best materials
3. CONVENTOS – adjacent to the church, permanence spaciousness; may have been the local models of luxury and prestige
- earthquake proof : resting on wooden posts mortised on stone, buried on the ground to “dance” with the earthquake
- the PEAK of native Philippine architecture : made the bahay kubo bigger and more extravagant but retained its character

- 10 areas
1. GROUND FLOOR – made of coral stones, adobe or rubble; with small windows; area include:
a. zaguan – for caruajes, grains
b. quadra – stables
c. bodega – old carozas, grains
d. entrasuelo – mezzanine where the valuables are kept, may also house offices or additional dwelling units
e. patio – enclosed courtyard
2. CEREMONIAL STAIRWAY – first three step (descanzo) made of marble tiles; landing with bastonera; remaining steps are made of narra
3. LIVING SPACES – wide double doors may be opened to connect the spaces and create a large hall
a. antesala or caida – for acquaintances; spacious hall separated by callado
b. sala – for friends and intimates; divided by movable screens or biombo
c. bedrooms (quarto or silid) – usually three; contains four-posted beds, armories, chests; SANTOS with ivory heads and hands are placed at the master bedroom
d. comedor – dining area; plateria and long table
4. COCINA – kitchen; contains the paminggalan (food cabinet) and dispensa (rice storage)
5. COMON or LATRINA – toilet, sometimes with two-passenger water closet
6. BAÑO or PALIGUAN – bathroom
7. ALCOVA – additional quartos
8. VOLADA – flying gallery over the zaguan; protects the interior from heat and rain
9. AZOTEA – open terrace of stone and ceramic placed near the kitchen; with a cistern for gathering rain water
10. BALCON – terrace in the living room, jutting out of the house

- distinctive features
1. PERSIANA – large windows with slats covered with capiz to filter light; unique in Southeast Asia
2. VENTANILLA – small windows usually at lower portion of the wall
3. CALLADO – open woodwork or tracery; fixed over a window or placed as space dividers
4. BARANDILLAS – wrought iron traceries on the wall
5. BANGGERA – where the dishes are kept

- regional differences
Examples:
1. ILOCOS – sober architecture; Vigan houses are entirely made of bricks, pilasters embedded on sides, dignified without too much decoration
2. CEBU – expansive, ground floor made of huge coral stones
3. SOUTHERN TAGALOG – “airy”. Second flanges over the walls of the ground


MILITARY ARCHITECTURE
- forts and fortresses constructed by Spanish friars as a defense against Moro pirates
1. REAL FUERZA DE SANTIAGO (Fort Santiago) – “shrine of freedom”, designed by Father Antonio Cedeno, with Diego Jordan as engineer
2. INTRAMUROS – famous walled city within a city; seven gates; completed 1872; made of bricks and hard adobe from the Pasig River quarries; wall are 45 ft thick and rise 25 ft above the moat; structures inside the city include:
a. Fort Santiago
b. San Agustin Church
c. Convent

LATE SPANISH PERIOD
- architectural development
1. roofs at 45 degrees gradient or less
2. use of bricks, limestone, hardwood, capiz shells (G.I. sheets and clay tiles or “tisa” were imported)
3. elaborate lace-like grillwork (1870’s)
4. transoms with floral and foliate scroll work (1890’s)
5. 1890’s Art Nouveau brought swirling vines and flowers for staircase balustrades, etched or colored glass panels replaced capiz
6. emergence of Filipino and foreign architects working in the Philippines
a. FELIX ROXAS – first Filipino architect; served as architect to the Manila government; studied in England and Spain
b. JUAN HERVAS – a Catalan who was one of the Spanish architects invited to reconstruct Manila after the earthquake of 1863 and 1880
7. churches
a. Sto. Domingo Church, Intramuros
b. San Ignacio, Intramuros – first church designed by a Filipino architect
c. San Sebastian Church, Manila – only Gothic church in the Philippines
8. brides
a. Fuente de Espana – first bridge to span the Pasig River linking Intramuros and Binondo
b. Colgante Bridge – suspension bridge; only for pedestrians; framework of iron imported from England

AMERICA PERIOD
- architectural development
1. a “regime” of reinforced concrete and galvanized iron
2. Neo-Classical styles
3. DANIEL BURNHAM – commissioned by Gov. General W.H. Taft to draft the Master Plan for Manila and government buildings (Agri-Finance Building, Senate Building, among others)
4. MASTER BUILDERS (“maestro de obras”) acquired title either from practical experience or completed academic training of Master Builder’s course
5. LICEO DE MANILA – first school to open three year course in architecture
6. TOMAS MAPUA – first licensed architect; established the second school (followed by UST and Adamson)
7. MASONIC TEMPLE, Escolta – first multi-storey reinforced concrete building in the Philippines
8. CHALET – suburban house; simple design with verandah in front or around the house; middle-class
9. 1930’s – continued urban development; emergence of multi-storey, multi-family dwellings and commercial structures; distinct simplification of lines, emphasis on verticality; other architects contradicted the trend by putting horizontal strips of glass window

POST-WAR ARCHITECTURE
- mediocre design, uncontrolled and hasty rebuilding only resurrected old designs
- commercial building drew inspiration from contemporary architecture in the West
- development of community planning
- BUNGALOW – introduced in 1948; one-storey house with wide picture windows, a lanai and a carport for up to three cars
- modern architecture with a renewed interest in Filipino motifs
a. use of pointed roofs, lattices, screens, wood carvings
b. architecture of LEANDRO LOCSIN and FRANCISCO MANOSA

[jenaro]

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

COURSE OUTLINE
1. Introduction
2. Architectural Design Theory
3. Esquisse
4. Building Economics
5. Building Utilities
6. Approaches and Strategies
7. Simulated Board Exam

 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
- it is the translation of an abstract solution to a real, tangible and concrete solution
- it is the optimum and better solution which must approximate the pre-set solution of the examiner
- it must involve the judicious use of design tools in developing the solution within:
a. parameters / constraints
b. circumstances
c. environmental conditions
: must be conserve
: must be protected
: must be included in the design solution

- set by the examiner. The solution must be: SAFE

Simple – provide what is needed or simply follow instruction
Appropriate – must fit on concept
Functional – look-out for specific use of the building
Economical

FORMAT OF DESIGN EXAM
1. 20”x30” tracing paper – provided by PRC
2. Black ink – final drawings is in black ink
3. Pencil – for enhancing and construction line (staedler pencils)
4. College major plate type drawings
- schematic
- no dimensions
- no “call-outs” such as specifications
- “fully rendered” in the used pencil shadows but not colored
- material must be drawn in full
- “no columns” unless it is part of design
- “furniture layouts” defending on layout and instructions
- entourage and landscape are allowed but not colored

RULES
1. Individual drawing implements and drawing boards
- triangles
- compass
- pencils
- magic, masking, scotch tapes
- rubber band
- drawing board with straight edge
- erasing shield
- scissors
- protractors
- french curve
- 2 sets of sign pens varying in points
- circular template
- optional coloring materials
- cutters
- ballpens
- erasers (different types)
- liquid paper
- scale
- watch
2. PRC will provide tracing paper with official seal
3. Drawing Grids
- preset grids, but to be shown to the proctor
4. Not allowed!
- no color
- no people or human figures
- no vehicles even triangle representation on plans
- no electronic equipment
- no scientific or programmable calculators, only simple scientific calculator is allowed
- no references

TOOLS
1. Drawing implements
2. Codes “Building Codes”
3. Building Standards
4. Vocabulary

ARCHITECTURAL CONVENTION
1. Lettering
-simple gothic, upright and all caps
-text : 4mm in height
-title : 8-10mm
-sub-titles : 6-8mm
2. Lines
-construction lines or guide lines
-final lines
-dimension lines
-masculine/feminine lines
3. Each drawing must have title and scale and north orientation
-orientation must always upward! on site development plan
-on plans refer to main entrance of structures

Notes:
• Acconometric Drawing
- another type of aerial perspective
• Berthing
- term for parking at water

FORMAT OF THE QUESTIONAIRE
1. Title
2. Background or description of the problem
3. Requirements
a. Plate requirements – specify needed rooms or spaces
b. Drawing requirements – specify scale, needed drawings, etc
Notes:
• Marina
- luxurious facilities for water vessels
- yatch
- fine dining : luxurious eating place
• Condominium
- high-rise residential buildings
- luxurious
- with elevators to make it more luxurious than townhouse
- can be bought but original lot remains to the owner
• Townhouse
- can be bought
- horizontal residential structures
- can be leased (long term)
• Apartment
- not more than 10 units
- rented (short term payment)
- usually two storey and for rent
• Rowhouse
- can accommodate a full length of block
• Tenements
- an apartment that is not more than 4 storeys
• Apartelle
- fully furnish with equipments (such as food, beds) while apartment will be provided by the tenants
• Condotelle
- rented by other person to the owner of the room wherein the owner of the room rented it to the owner of building
• Hotel
- rented area provided with room and comfort room and other facilities will be common areas
• Motel
- rented area with room, comfort room and “garage” (motorist hotel)
• Garage
- enclosed with walls, roof and door and facilities for repairs
• Carport
- with roof and columns
• Parking Slot
- compose of lines and has no enclosure at all

EXAMPLES OF TITLES ANALYSIS
• The OASIS a resort
- a mirage : an illusion of water in the desert
- located in the desert; a body of water located in the desert
- leisure activities
- having a main focus of “water element” it can be water fountain
• The HAMLET a townhouse
- hamlet : a small French village
- having no huge elements such as columns
- compose of common center area such as plaza
• The TIANGGE a flea market
- flea : “surot”
- baratillo
- huge number of stalls that is detachable

Notes:
• Assume 1-1/2 hours to finish every sheet
• Consider facing

a. reading and understanding (3 hours)
b. preliminary drawings (2hours)
c. final drawings

THINGS TO BE AWARE IN DESIGNING
1. vocabulary
2. building code
3. presentation
4. requirements
5. common sense

Notes:
• Stairs cutting line
-7th and 8th steps

THINGS TO DO IN PREPARATION FOR DESIGN EXAM
1. practice – drafting technique
2. multiple deadline – time management
3. composition
- sheets must be clean
- clear, use acceptable architectural symbols and architectural conventions
- respect margins

 PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITION

Dimension Contrast Variety
Proportion Measurements
Scale Fixed Proportions
Equilibrium Balance
a. Formal balance
b. Informal balance Gravitation
Physical Manifestation Rhythm Movement
Unity Order / Harmony
Character Expression

CONTRAST OF LINES
• Masculine Lines – bold, dark, straight, strong lines
• Feminine Lines – soft, fragile, thin, curve lines

1. Residential : feminine; informal
2. Institutional
a. government buildings : masculine; formal
b. health care : masculine; formal
3. Industrial : masculine; formal
4. Commercial : feminine; informal
5. Recreational
a. active : masculine; formal
b. passive : feminine: informal
6. Religious : masculine; formal
7. Education : masculine; formal

UNITY
- creating unified site development plan
1. Central Theme
- creating a motif
2. Major component of buildings must dominate
- exceptional size
- strategic location
- unique shape
3. compact and coherent unit
- orientation marker, ex. sculpture
- inward orientation
4. Harmony in materials, styles, design, etc.

CHARACTER
- manifested external expression of internal qualities

a. function – use of the building
b. association – influence of traditional types
c. personality – character of occupants or human quality

 ANALYZING THE DESIGN PROBLEM
• read – understand
a. title
b. description or background
c. requirements
- plate
- drawing
• familiarize with the site
a. simply given
b. derivation / computation
- closing the traverse (protractor and calculator)
- textual

• determine the area of the lot
a. formula
- regular shapes
- irregular shapes
b. “dot-grid method”
- approximate area all dots included in the site will be multiplied to the reference area of the square
c. planimeter
- use in computing the lot

d. road runner
- used in computing the length of the road
• determine the buildable area (BA)

buildable area = lot area – open space
70% 30%
• open spaces
1. set backs – type of lots page 231
2. private yards (front, side, rear) page 227
3. road abutments page 228
4. height of buildings page 234
5. private open space page 226
6. natural open spaces
a. rivers 5.00m
b. creek 3.00m
c. sea/beach front 50.00m
d. pasig river 10.00m
• determine the floor area (FA)

FA = BA x No. of storeys
• saleable area (SA)

SA = FA - common area (35%)
• plate requirements / components
• code requirements
- BP 344 (accessibility law)
a. site development
- parking allocation (for disabled
- curb-cut-outs
- ramps (1:12)

b. structure
- comfort room
- corridor (1.50 meters)
- stairs
- fire exits
- ventilation
• heights
a. naturally ventilated
b. artificially ventilated
- 1 storey
- 2 to 4 storeys
- 5 to infinity storeys (high-rise)
• structure
a. superstructure
b. substructure
- in every five floors correspond to one basement

 COST ESTIMATE “BULDING ECONOMICS”
• levels
S – budgetary estimate
(floor area x cost parameter)
D – detailed estimate
(floor area: specific x cost parameter)
C – bill of materials
(materials x cost)
C – bid estimate
(bill of materials x margin of profit)
• cost parameter/ sqm
1 storey: low cost P1.00 – P5,000.00
2-4 storeys: mid cost P5,001.00 – P12,000.00
5-infinity: high-rise P12,001.00 – infinity
basement (1.2%) = next level

• components of the estimate
a. land development cost 25% (P500/sqm)
1. earth development
2. roads and access ways
3. utilities (civil works)
4. landscaping
5. furnishings
b. structure 75%
1. structural 25% of the cost
2. utilities 15-30% of the cost
3. architectural 45-60% of the cost

BILL OF MATERIALS
1. materials x
2. labor 35-40% of x
direct cost = A
3. equipment 20% of A
4. margin of profit 30% of A
5. overhead 15% of A
(ballpen, bond papers, gas, secretary, etc.)
6. contingency 10-15% of A
(allowance, wastage) : paid by contractor

7. bonds and insurances 10-30% of A
8. miscellaneous 15-20% of A
construction cost + AE = project cost

 UTILITIES
1. water supply
2. waste water
3. sewage
4. electricity
5. lighting
6. mechanical
7. intelligent system
• locations of utilities is outside
a. utility company
b. users
c. “intermediary treatment”

• horizontal

Note:
Utilities
• step-down transformer : 220V to 110V
• step-up transformer : 110V to 220V
• water tanks

 RESIDENTIALS
- (informal) feminine
1. multi-storey : 4 storey and below
2. multi-family
3. utilities are shared or common areas
4. orientation:
work – west
rest – east


5. clusters

45 meters: maximum length of corridor

 GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS
- basically linear and rectangular in plan
1. formal (masculine)
2. multi-storey
3. linear development
4. flag pole / assembly area

 HOSPITAL
1. users
a. patients
b. medical practioner
c. visitors
2. activities

3. high rise

4. separate out-patient

5. philippine heart center, example

 RECREATIONAL
• gyms
1. users
a. players playcourts
b. officials rooms
c. spectators bleachers
2. playcourts

3. unobstructed view
- less column with the gym

• track oval
1. track and field
2. track and soccer

• swimming pool and diving pool

• bowling
- usually synthetic wood was used nowadays

• golf
1. 18 holes – done by landscape architect
2. clubhouse – usually two storeys and placed on the middle
a. first floor
- dirty area
- caddy
- clean-up
b. second floor
- function room
- fine dining
- boutiques
- pro-shop


• resort
1. feature
2. amenities
3. operation system

 COMMERCIAL
1. one-stop-shop
- all ages accommodated
2. flagship store
- usually department store
- concessions : barbershop, boutiques, etc
3. magnet nodes

4. parking
5. theme activities

 ECUMENICAL
1. all religion
- no symbols of particular religion
2. celebrant’s place (altar)
- congregation

 EDUCATION
1. classroom
2. 1 teacher = 40-50 students
(1 sqm/person + circulation)
3. standard module 7m x 9m
4. flagpole / quadrangle
5. laboratories / libraries / admin / pe
6. parking
7. canteen

 TERMINALS

international domestic
Sea Ok : cargo Ok
Land X Ok
Air Ok Ok

 domestic
a. lounge, passenger
b. offices
c. reception
d. hygiene facilities
 international
a. lounge, passenger
b. offices
c. reception
d. hygiene facilities
e. customs
f. immigration
 separate people and good
 separate in and out

 EXAMPLE DESIGN PROBLEM
- government building
-formal / male
-rectangular / linear (45 meter)
-multi-storey
-flagpole / assembly
• 3 branches of government
-executive : major
-legislative : vice major
-judiciary : judge
• north (type of government)
1. ilocos : bahay na bato
2. mountain province : ifugao house
3. batanes : ibatan house

[jenaro]

Eto sanitation code!!!!
http://www.fmh.ph/clp/presidential_decree_no_856.htm

thnx for sharing sir!

[jenaro]

BEHAVIOR SETTING STUDIES


 ENVIRONMENT
- behavior studies in architecture include the systematic examination of relationship between the environment and human behavior and their application in the design process. The term has a number of partial equivalent.
- it can be (1) human – environment studies
(2) social ecology
(3) human factors
(4) behavioral architecture
(5) programming

• the research aspect is often called:
(1) environmental psychology
(2) user needs study
(3) social and behavioral factors
• environment – behavior study contain more than function:
(1) circulation flow
(2) proximities
(3) dimensional concerns
• behavioral factor go deeper to the psychology of the user, how he perceives:
(1) building form
(2) social interaction needs
(3) sub cultural differences in lifestyle
(4) meaning and symbolism of building
(5) technology


 SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENT STUDIES
1. user groups
- different user groups have different need and use patterns, they are affected in different ways by the quality of the environment, user group maybe socially differentiated into:
income, ethnicity, age, special interest group, urban/rural, informal dwellers, squatters/slam dwellers
2. environmental – behavior phenomena
- this is looking at the aspect of human behavior in relation to everyday physical environments.
• Proxemics – are the different distances between people that we considered comfortable for social interaction. This shows distinct distances: intimate, personal, social and public
• Privacy, density and crowding
a. privacy – is an inter personal control mechanism that faces and regulates interactions with others. It is the chain of individuals, groups or institutions to control access to themselves and what information about them may be allowed to be communicated.
b. density – is a measure of number of people per unit of space
c. crowding – is psychological or an environment – behavior concept which refers to the experience of being hemmed in, locked, or frustrated by the presence of too many people.

 PERSONAL SPACE
- it is a specific environment behavior concept. It is a small invisible, protective sphere or bubble that an organism carries about
- the individual personal space is dynamite, it changes its dimension, stress and anxiety can result from intrusion

 TERRITORIALITY
- refer to a group of behavior that a person will personalized, marked, owned, defend, unlike personal space, territories do not move, they have five defining characteristics:
(1) people will defended if violated by intruders
(2) they are marked in either a concrete or symbolic ways
(3) they satisfy some needs or motives
(4) they are owned control or processed by an individual or group
(5) they contain spatial area

 DEFENSIVE SPACE
- it is an extension of the concept of territoriality, characteristics of space not make it more defensible.

[jenaro]

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN


 FLOOR PLAN
 a drawing of the outline and partitions of a building as you would see them at the building were cut horizontally at about 4 feet or 1.20m
 the plan is the beginning of the building. It is the foundation upon which the scheme of the structure rests. It relates the various units to each other
 the design process should always proceed from within to without

2 THINGS TO CONSIDER WHEN DESIGNING A PLAN
1. the arrangement of the units according to practical requirements
2. the arrangement according to the rule of abstract design

FLOOR PLAN SKETCHING
1. Preliminary sketching
 shows desirable size proportion and relationship of each room to the entire plan
 offsets and indentations are smoothed by increasing the dimensions of some rooms and changing slightly the arrangement of the others
 modular sizes are established
 exact positions and sizes of doors and windows are determined
2. Final sketching
 single line sketches are change to define wall thickness and include property features
 location of shrubbery, trees, patios, driveways, gardens, etc. are included

STEPS IN DRAWING FLOOR PLANS
1. block the overall dimensions of the house and add the thickness of the outside walls with a hard pencil
2. layout the position of interior partitions
3. locate the position of doors and windows by center line and by their widths
4. darken the object lines with an F pencil
5. add doors and window symbols with a 2H pencil
6. add symbols for stairwells
7. erase extraneous lines if they are too heavy. If they are extremely light, they can remain
8. draw the outlines of the furniture and fixtures
9. add the symbols and sections for any masonry work such as planters
10. dimension the drawing

DOORS AND WINDOWS IN PLAN
1. show normally swinging doors at 90º opening
2. doors swings are shown with light lines and quarter symbols
3. door type is not illustrated in plan, only in elevational views
4. window type cannot be explained in plan except for width and location : window type and height are shown in elevational views
5. show sill lines with a lighter line weight than wals, jambs and glass, since sills are not in fact cut through

WALL INDIATIONS
- note that what is cut through in plan (walls, columns, etc.) takes precedence and should be dominating value; what is seen within plan (flooring, counters, furniture, etc.) should be lighter in value


RULES FOR DIMENSIONING FLOOR PLANS
1. architectural dimension lines are unbroken lines with dimensions placed above the lines. Arrowheads, dots, small circles and diagonal lines are used to denote the termination of the dimension line. Dots are used when the area to be dimensioned is too small for arrowheads. Arrowheads may also be placed outside the extension lines when the area is too small
2. dimensions should be placed to read from the right or from the bottom of the drawing. The numerals should always be written above the lines
3. dimension lines are placed about 3/8” apart. To avoid crossing extension and dimension lines, place the longer dimensions farther away from the plan. Overall building dimensions are placed outside all other dimensions
4. when the area to be dimensioned is too small for the numerals, they are placed outside the dimension lines. Do not try to “fancy up” dimensions with artistic numerals, legibility is the only concern
5. rooms are dimensioned form the center line of partitions. In some cases, they may be dimensioned from wall to wall, exclusive of wall thickness
6. in dimensioning stairs, the number of risers is placed on a line with an arrow indicating the direction (up or down)
7. architectural dimensions always refer to the actual size of the building regardless of the scale of the drawing
8. never crowd dimensions. To free the plan of excessive dimensions, the sizes of doors and windows are given in the door and window schedule. All obvious dimensions are also omitted

 SECTIONS
 architectural sections are drawings that show a building cut in half by an imaginary plane called a cutting plane. All the material on one side of the cut is removed so that the interior can be studied
 the position of the cutting plane is shown by the cutting plane line. A cutting plane line is a long heavy line followed by two dashes. It is placed in the part to be sectioned, and the arrows at its ends show the direction from which the section is to be viewed
 the cutting plane line often interferes with dimensions, notes and details. In this case, an alternative method wherein only the extremes of the cutting plane line are used. The cutting plane line is then assumed to be straight

KINDS OF SECTIONS
• FULL SECTION
- a section cut through the entire building or component
a. cross section – a section showing a crosswise cut through the building
b. longitudinal section – a section showing a transverse or lengthwise cut through building
• OFFSET SECTION
- a section with a cutting plane line offset to permit it to cut through necessary features
• HALF SECTION
- a cut to remove only one quarter of a symmetrical component. Thus both exterior and interior can be shown in one view

POINTS TO REMEMBER IN DRAWING SECTIONS
1. a building material is only sectioned when the cutting plane line passes through it. The outline of all other materials visible behind the plane of projection must also be drawn in their proper position and scale
2. as with floor plans, whatever is cut through in taking a section (floor, walls, roof structure, etc.) is profiled with a heavy line
3. cut sections through major elements in a building (major window openings, doorways, changes in roof and floor levels, roof opening, etc.). never cut through columns
4. it is good practice to include people in building design section to give a scale to the spaces
5. the physical context of the building should always be shown buy indicating the earth upon which it sits, which is also cut through
6. construction details and foundations need not be indicated in design sections

RULES FOR DIMENSIONING SECTIONS
1. vertical dimensions should be read from the right of the drawing
2. levels to be dimensions should be labeled with a note, term or abbreviation
3. room heights are shown by dimensioning from the floor line to the ceiling line
4. the height of windows and doors are dimensioned from the floor line to the top of windows and doors. Windows and doors may be indexed to a door and window schedule, or the style of the windows and doors may be shown on the sectional drawing.
5. sectional dimensions show only vertical distances. horizontal distances are shown in the floor plan
6. dimensions for small, complex, or obscure areas should be indicated to a separate detail
7. overall height dimensions are placed on the outside of subdimensions

 ELEVATIONS
- the main feature of the outside of a building are shown on the elevation drawings. Elevation drawings are orthographic drawings of the exterior of a building. They are prepared to show the design, materials, dimensions, and final appearance of the exterior of a building
- only horizontal distances can be established in the floor plan. Thus, the vertical height such as the height of windows and doors must be shown on the elevations
4 TYPES OF ELEVATION ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONAL ORIENTATION
• front elevation
- the view projected from the front of a building
• rear elevation
- the view projected from the rear of a building
• right side elevation
- the view projected from the right side of a building

• left side elevation
- the view projected form the left side of a building

ELEVATIONS ACCORDING TO COMPASS ORIENTAITON
- a method of projecting the elevations of a building with no so-called front or rear view

STEPS IN PROJECTING ELEVATIONS
The major lines of an elevation are derived by projecting vertical lines from the floor plan, and measuring the position of the horizontal lines from the ground line
• vertical line projection
- vertical lines represents the main lines of a building should first be projected. These lines show the overall length or width of the building. They also show the major parts or offsets of the building. The position of the doors and windows are also projected from the floor plan
• horizontal line projection
- horizontal lines that represents the height of the eave line and ridge line above the ground are measured, then drawn to intersect with the vertical lines drawn from the floor plan. The intersection of these lines provide the overall outline for the elevation

 KITCHENS
A well planned kitchen is efficient, attractive and easy to maintain. In designing an efficient kitchen, the following must be considered:

a. function
b. basic shape
c. décor
d. size
e. location of equipment

FUNCTION OF A KITCHEN
The basic function of a kitchen is food preparation. In some cases, the kitchen is also used as an informal dining area and as a laundry area

THREE AREAS OF THE KITCHEN
• storage center
- the focal point of the storage center is the refrigerator, although many cabinets for non-refrigerated food, dishes and utensils must be provided. The refrigerator may be free-standing, built-in or suspended from a wall
- to save steps, the refrigerator may be located near the delivery door, or nearest the door to the living/dining area
• preparation and cleaning center
- this center is built around the sink and its adjoining counter space
- the preparation and cleaning center may also include a waste-disposal unit, an automatic dishwasher, and cabinets for storing brushes, towels and cleaning supplies
• cooking center
- the cooking center is grouped around the range/stove. Range-oven combinations are often 36 inches or 0.90 meter high, so counters should be designed at the same height
- the cooking center should also include countertop workspaces, as well as storage for small appliances and cooking utensils that will be used in the area. The cooking center must have an adequate supply of electrical outlets for the minor appliances used in cooking

WORK TRIANGLE
If you draw a line connecting the three centers of the kitchen, a triangle is formed. This is called a work triangle. The perimeter of an efficient work triangle should be between 12 and 22 feet or 3.7 and 6.7 meters

BASIC SHPAES OF THE KITCHEN
1. PULLMAN
- this shape of kitchen, consisting of a long corridor with utilities on either side, is often used when space is at a premium. Doors may be at either end or one end only.
- this shape of kitchen is unsatisfactory if a considerable traffic passes through the work triangle
- a Pullman kitchen produces one of the most efficient work triangles of all the arrangement

2. U-SHAPED
- this type of kitchen has cabinets on three walls, the sink usually in the middle, and the refrigerator and stoves on opposite sides. This plan is adaptable for both small and large rooms
- in this arrangement, traffic passing through the kitchen is completely separated from the work triangle
- the open space between the sides may be 4’ or 5’ (1.2 or 1.5m)

3. L-SHAPED
- probably the most commonly used arrangement, the L-shaped kitchen is efficient because it allows for two doors without any interruption of countertop area
- this type of plan has continuous counters and appliances and equipment on two adjoining walls. The work triangle is not often used for other kitchen facilities, such as dining and laundry
- if the walls of an L-shaped kitchen are too long, the efficiency is destroyed

4. PENINSULA
- the peninsula kitchen is similar to the U kitchen. However, one end of the U is not enclosed with a wall. The peninsula is often used to adjoin the kitchen to the dining or family rooms
- this kind of layout may be used only with large rooms. It is called peninsula when the bar runs perpendicular to a wall, and an island when it is freestanding

5. ONE-WALL
- this layout is used when a kitchen must be fitted in a long, narrow space such as in small apartments, cabins or houses where little space is available
- the work centers are located in an efficient although not ideal arrangement. In planning the one-wall kitchen, the designer must be very careful to avoid having the wall too long, and must provide adequate storage facilities

LOCATION OF THE KITCHEN
The kitchen must be located near the service entrance and near the waste disposal area. If possible, the children’s play area should also be visible from the kitchen. The kitchen must always be adjacent to the dining area or when provided, outdoor dining areas.

GUIDES IN PLANNING A KITCHEN
1. the traffic lane is clear of the work triangle
2. the work areas include all necessary appliances and facilities. Electrical outlets must be provided for the appliances. There must be adequate storage centers for all work areas
3. the kitchen is located adjacent to the dining area and near the children’s area
4. the work triangle measures less than 22’ or 6.7m
5. shadowless and glareless light is provided and is concentrated on each work center
6. adequate counter space is provided for meal preparation
7. ventilation is adequate
8. the oven/range/stove is separated from the refrigerator by at least one cabinet
9. working height for counter is 36” or 0.90m
10. the combination of base cabinets, wall cabinets, and appliances provides a consistent standard unit without gaps or awkward extension or depressions

[Stryker]

cdep ka din ba sir horje??? nde na si Gan ngaun e.. si ali na! i think outgoing na sya ngaun... dami n rin nagbago....! anyways..thanks s mga tips sir! tuck-in din ako.... dba masagwa un pag sa lalake!

[destijl_art]

Very informative! is there any for structural?

[Muggz]

sabi nila, kasabihan daw ang sikreto sa pagpasa ay yung pag tuck-in daw ng polo shirt,, dapat daw hapit na hapit...... pansin ko kc ung mga girls na nagtuck-in sa harap ko,,, hapit na hapit,,, pumasa din sila eh!!........yun lang naman po ang naobserbahan ko!!!!!

felix bakat kaw ba yan?nyahahahha...tuck-in talaga para iwas disgrasya...hehehhhe

anu pa kaya kung nakakita ako ng mga chicks na naka-tuck in,,bukod sa pag kain ng spagetti sa JPT,,tsk

[Muggz]

cdep ka din ba sir horje??? nde na si Gan ngaun e.. si ali na! i think outgoing na sya ngaun... dami n rin nagbago....! anyways..thanks s mga tips sir! tuck-in din ako.... dba masagwa un pag sa lalake!

yes,,kami nga unang basal nung mga bagong board of examiners noun,,si ali and chuatiaco ang nabago sa pag kakaalala ko,,

[jenaro]

sabi nila, kasabihan daw ang sikreto sa pagpasa ay yung pag tuck-in daw ng polo shirt,, dapat daw hapit na hapit...... pansin ko kc ung mga girls na nagtuck-in sa harap ko,,, hapit na hapit,,, pumasa din sila eh!!........yun lang naman po ang naobserbahan ko!!!!!

felix bakat kaw ba yan?nyahahahha...tuck-in talaga para iwas disgrasya...hehehhhe

anu pa kaya kung nakakita ako ng mga chicks na naka-tuck in,,bukod sa pag kain ng spagetti sa JPT,,tsk

hahahhahaha...ako iniwasan ko yan...negative ang dating saken baka mawala ako sa focus!nyahahahhaha

[jenaro]

Very informative! is there any for structural?

I. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
ADDITION is an extension or increase in floor area or height of a building or structure.
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN is a method of proportioning structural elements such that computed stresses produced in the elements by the allowable stress load combinations do not exceed specified allowable stress (also called working stress design).
ALTER or ALTERATION is any change, addition or modification in construction or occupancy.
APPROVED as to materials and type of construction, refers to approval by the building official as the result of investigation and tests conducted by the building official, or by reason of accepted principles or tests by recognized authorities, technical or scientific organizations.
BUILDING is any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or occupancy.
BUILDING, EXISTING, is a building erected prior to the adoption of this code, or one for which a legal building permit has been issued.
BUILDING OFFICIAL is the officer or other designated authority charged with the administration and enforcement of this code, or the building official’s duly authorized representative.
LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD) METHOD is a method of proportioning structural elements using load and resistance factors such that no applicable limit state is reached when the structure is subjected to all appropriate load combinations. The term “LRFD” is used in the design of steel and wood structures.
STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD is a method of proportioning structural elements such that the computed forces produced in the elements by the factored load combinations do not exceed the factored element strength. The term “strength design” is used in the design of concrete and masonry structures.
STRUCTURE is that which is built or constructed, an edifice or building of any kind, or any piece of work artificially built up or composed of parts joined together in some definite manner.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER is a registered Civil Engineer with special qualification in the practice of Structural Engineering as recognized by the Board of Civil Engineering of the Professional Regulation Commission of the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers through the Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines.
II. GRADING AND EARTHWORK
APPROVAL shall mean that the proposed work or completed work conforms to this section in the opinion of the building official.
AS GRADED is the extent of surface conditions on completion of grading.
BEDROCK is in-place solid rock.
BENCH is a relatively level step excavated into earth material on which fill is to be placed.
BORROW is earth material acquired from an off-site location for use on grading on a site.
CIVIL ENGINEER is a professional engineer licensed to practice in the field of civil engineering.
CIVIL ENGINEERING is the application of the knowledge of the forces of nature, principles of mechanics and the properties of materials to the evaluation, design and construction of civil works.
COMPACTION is the densification of a fill by mechanical means.
EARTH MATERIAL is any rock, natural soil or fill or any combination thereof.
ENGINEERING GEOLOGIST is a licensed geologist experienced and knowledgeable in engineering geology.
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY is the application of geologic knowledge and principles in the investigation and evaluation of naturally occurring rock and soil for use in the design of civil works.
EROSION is the wearing away of the ground surface as a result of the movement of wind, water or ice.
EXCAVATION is the mechanical removal of earth material.
FILL is a deposit of earth material placed by artificial means.
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER is an engineer experienced and knowledgeable in the practice of geotechnical engineering.
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING is the application of the principles of soil and rock mechanics in the investigation, evaluation and design of civil works involving the use of earth materials and the inspection or testing of the construction thereof.
GRADE is the vertical location of the ground surface.
GRADE, EXISTING, is the grade prior to grading.
GRADE, FINISH, is the final grade of the site that conforms to the approved plan.
GRADE, ROUGH, is the stage at which the grade approximately conforms to the approved plan.
GRADING is any excavating or filling or combination thereof.
KEY is a designed compacted fill placed in a trench excavated in earth material beneath the toe of a proposed fill slope.
PROFESSIONAL INSPECTION is the inspection required by this code be performed by the civil engineer, geotechnical engineer or engineering geologist. Such inspections include that performed by persons supervised by such engineers or geologists and shall be sufficient to form an opinion relating to conduct of the work.
SITE is any lot or parcel of land or contiguous combination thereof, under the same ownership, where grading is performed or permitted.
SLOPE is an inclined ground surface the inclination of which is expressed as a ratio of vertical distance to horizontal distance.
SOIL is naturally occurring superficial deposits overlying bedrock.
SOILS ENGINEER. See Geotechnical Engineer
SOILS ENGINEERING. See Geotechnical Engineering
TERRACE is a relatively level step constructed in the face of a graded slope surface for drainage and maintenance purposes.

III. GENERAL
ACCESS FLOOR SYSTEM is an assembly consisting of panels mounted on pedestals to provide an under-floor space for the installations of mechanical, electrical, communications or similar systems to serve as an air-supply or return-air plenum.
AGRICULTURAL BUILDING is a structure designed to house farm implements, hay, grain, poultry, livestock or other horticultural products. The structure shall not be a place of human habitation or a place of employment where agricultural products are processed, treated or packaged, nor shall it be a place used by the public.
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN METHOD is a method of proportioning structural elements such that computed stresses produced in the elements by the allowable stress load combinations do not exceed specified allowable stress (also called working stress design).
ASSEMBLY BUILDING is a building or portion of a building for the gathering together of 50 or more persons for such purposes as deliberation, education, instruction, worship, entertainment, amusement, drinking or dining, or awaiting transportation.
AWNING is a shelter supported entirely from the exterior wall of a building.
BALCONY, EXTERIOR, is an exterior floor system projecting from a structure and supported by that structure, with no additional independent supports.
DEAD LOADS consist of the weight of all materials and fixed equipment incorporated into the building or other structure.
DECK is an exterior floor system supported on at least two opposing sides by an adjoining structure and/or posts, piers, or other independent supports.
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are buildings and other structures that are intended to remain operational in the event of extreme environmental loading from wind or earthquakes.
GARAGE is a building or portion thereof in which motor vehicle containing flammable or combustible liquids or gas in its tank is stored, repaired or kept.
GARAGE, PRIVATE, is a building or portion of a building, not more than 90 sq. m. in area, in which only motor vehicles used by the tenants of the building on the premises are kept or stored.
LIMIT STATE is a condition in which a structure or component is judged either to be no longer useful for its intended function (serviceability limit state) or to be unsafe (strength limit state).
LIVE LOADS are forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building materials, occupants, and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movements, and restrained dimensional changes. Permanent loads are those loads in which variations over time are rare or of small magnitude. All other loads are variable loads.
MARQUEE is a permanent roofed structure attached to and supported by the building and projecting over public property.
OCCUPANCY is the purpose for that a building, or part thereof, is used or intended to be used.

[jenaro]

WALLS
BEARING WALL is any wall meeting either of the following classifications:
1. Any metal or wood stud wall that supports more than 0.5 KN per linear meter of superimposed load.
2. Any masonry or concrete wall that supports more than 1.0 KN per linear meter superimposed loads, or any such wall supporting its own weight for more than one story.
EXTERIOR WALL is any wall or element of a wall, or any member or group of members, that defines the exterior boundaries or courts of a building and that has a slope of 60 degrees or greater with the horizontal plane.
NONBEARING WALL is any wall that is not a bearing wall
PARAPET WALL is the part of any wall entirely above the roof line.
RETAINING WALL is a wall designed to resist the later displacement of soil or other materials.

IV. WIND LOAD

BASIC WIND SPEED, V is a 3-second gust speed at 10 meters above the ground in Exposure C and associated with an annual probability of 0.02 of being equaled or exceeded (50-year mean recurrence interval).
BUILDING, ENCLOSED, is a building that does not comply with the requirements for open or partially enclosed buildings.
BUILDING, OPEN, is a structure having all walls at least 80% open.
BUILDING, PARTIALLY ENCLOSED is a building that complies with both of the following conditions:
1. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds the sum of the areas of the openings in the balance of the building envelope (walls and roof) by more than 10% and
2. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds 0.5 sq. m. or 1% of the area of that wall, whichever is smaller, and the percentage of openings in the balance of the building envelope does not exceed 20%.
BUILDING, LOW RISE, is an enclosed or partially enclosed building which complies with the following conditions:
1. Mean roof height, h, less than or equal to 18 meters.
2. Mean roof height, h, does not exceed least horizontal dimension.

COMPONENTS AND CLADDING are elements that do not qualify as part of the main wind-force resisting system.
DESIGN FORCE, F, is the equivalent static force to be used in the determination of wind loads for open buildings and other structures.
DESIGN PRESSURE, p, is the equivalent static pressure to be used in the determination of wind loads for buildings.
EFFECTIVE WIND AREA is the area used to determine GCp. For cladding fasteners, the effective wind area shall not be greater than the area that is tributary to an individual fastener.
FLEXIBLE BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES are slender buildings and other structures that have a fundamental natural frequency less than 1 Hz. Included are buildings and other structures that have a height, h, exceeding four times the least horizontal dimension.
IMPORTANCE FACTOR, I, is a factor that accounts for the degree of hazard to human life and damage to property.
MAIN WIND-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM is an assemblage of structural elements assigned to provide support and stability for the overall structure. The system generally receives wind loading from more than one surface.
RECOGNIZED LETERATURE are published research findings and technical papers that are approved by the authority having jurisdiction.

V. EARTHQUAKE
BASE is the level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the structure or the level at which the structure as a dynamic vibrator is supported.
BASE SHEAR, V, is the total design lateral force or shear at the base of the structure.
BEARING WALL SYSTEM is a structural system without a complete vertical load-carrying space frame.
BOUNDARY ELEMENT is an element at the edges or openings or at perimeters of shear walls or diaphragms.
BRACED FRAME is an essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type that is provided to resist lateral forces.
BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM is an essentially complete space frame that provides support for gravity loads.
CANTILEVERED COLUMN ELEMENT is a column element provided to transfer lateral-force-resisting system that cantilevers from a fixed base and has minimal moment capacity at the top, with lateral forces applied essentially at the top.
COLLECTOR is a member or element provide to transfer lateral forces from a portion of a structure top vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting system.
COMPONENT is a part or element of an architectural, electrical, mechanical or structural system.
COMPONENT, EQUIPMENT, is a mechanical or electrical component or element that is part of a mechanical and/or electrical system.
COMPONENT, FLEXIBLE, is a component, including its attachments, having a fundamental period greater than 0.06 second.
COMPONENT, RIGID, is a component, including its attachments, having a fundamental period less than or equal to 0.06 second.
CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME is a braced frame in which the members are subjected primarily to axial forces.
DESIGN BASIS GROUND MOTION is that ground motion that has a 10% chance of being exceeded in 50 years as by a site-specific hazard analysis or may be determined by a hazard map. A suite of ground motion time histories with dynamic properties representative of site characteristics shall be used to represent this ground motion. The dynamic effects of the Design Basis Ground Motion may be represented by the Design Response Spectrum.
DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM is an elastic response spectrum of 5% equivalent viscous damping used to represent the dynamic effects of the Design Basis Ground Motion for the design of structures. This response spectrum may be either a site-specific spectrum based on geologic, tectonic, seismological and soil characteristics associated with a specific site or may be a spectrum.
DESIGN SEISMIC FORCE is the minimum total strength design base shear, factored and distributed.
DIAPHRAGM is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical-resisting elements. The term “diaphragm” includes horizontal bracing systems.
DIAPHRAGM OR SHEAR WALL CHORD is the boundary element of a diaphragm or shear wall that is assumed to take axial stresses analogous to the flanges of a beam.
DIAPHRAGM STRUT (drag strut, tie, collector) is the element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load that collects and transfers diaphragm parallel to the applied load that collects and transfers diaphragm shear to the vertical-resisting elements or distributes loads within the diaphragm. Such members may take axial tension or compression.
DRIFT. See “story drift”
DUAL SYSTEM is a combination of moment-resisting frames and shear walls or braced frames.
ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (EBF) is a steel-braced frame.
ELASTIC RESPONSE PARAMETERS are forces and deformations determined from an elastic dynamic analysis using an unreduced ground motion representation.
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are those structures that are necessary for emergency operations subsequent to a natural disaster.
FLEXIBLE ELEMENT or system is one whose deformation under lateral load is significantly larger than adjoining parts of the system.
HORIZONTAL BRACING SYSTEM is a horizontal truss system that serves the same function as a diaphragm.
INTERMEDIATE MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (IMRF) is a concrete frame.
LATERAL-FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM is that part of the structural system.
MOMENT-RESISTING SYSTEM is a frame in which members and joints are capable of resisting forces primarily by flexure.
MOMENT-RESISTING WALL FRAME (MRWF) is a masonry wall frame especially detailed to provide ductile behavior.
ORDINARY BRACED FRAME (OBF) is a steel-braced frame or concrete-braced frame.
ORDINARY MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (OMRF) is a moment-resisting frame not meeting special detailing requirements for ductile behavior.
ORTHOGONAL EFFECTS are the earthquake load effects on structural elements common to the lateral-force-resisting systems along two orthogonal axes.
OVERSTRENGTH is a characteristic of structures where the actual strength is larger than the design strength. The degree of over strength is material-and-system-dependent.
P EFFECT is the secondary effect on shears, axial forces and moments of frame members induced by the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced building system.
SHEAR WALL is a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall (sometimes referred to as vertical diaphragm or structural wall).
SHEAR WALL-FRAME INTYERACTIVE SYSTEM uses combinations of shear walls and frames designed to resist lateral forces in proportion to their relative rigidities considering interaction between shear walls and frames on all levels.
SOFT STORY is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the stiffness of the story above.
SPACE FRAME is a three-dimensional structural system, without bearing walls, composed of members interconnected so as to function as a complete self-contained unit with or without the aid of horizontal diaphragms or floor-bracing systems.
SPECIAL CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (SCBF) is a steel-braced frame.
SPECIAL MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (SMRF) is a moment-resisting frame specially detailed to provide ductile behavior.
SPECIAL TRUSS MOMENT FRAME (STMF) is a moment-resisting frame specially detailed to provide ductile behavior.
STORY is the space between levels.
STORY DRIFT is the lateral displacement of one level relative to the level above or below.
STORY DRIFT RATIO is the story drift divided by the story height.
STORY SHEAR, V, is the summation of design lateral forces above the story under consideration.
STRENGTH is the capacity of an element or a member to resist factored load.
STRUCTURE is an assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and resist lateral forces. Structures may be categorized as building structures or nonbuilding structures.
SUBDIAPHRAGM is a portion of a larger wood diaphragm designed to anchor and transfer local forces to primary diaphragm struts and the main diaphragm.
VERTICAL LOAD-CARRYING FRAME is a space frame designed to carry vertical gravity loads.
WALL ANCHORAGE SYSTEM is the system of elements anchoring the wall to the diaphragm and those elements within the diaphragm required to develop the anchorage forces, including sub diaphragms and continuous ties.
WEAK STORY is one in which the story strength is less than 80% of the story above.

[jhames joe albert infante]

KAPatid! Jenaro, PDF please!!

[render master]

hmmmm thanks for posting....

but i think it much better tocompiled it into one file and make it accessible on the free section area or to architectural documents area rather than putting all the topic heres. it just creating a large bandwidth.

[Critique1407]

Ayostong mga info sir,ah?san nyo po nakuha mga toh?pahingi din po ako ng reviewer... hehehe Sa structural may computation db?panu ba test daw pag sa structural? Tsaka may mgacomputations pa. Hmm?? wala pa ko Idea.

[jenaro]

Ayostong mga info sir,ah?san nyo po nakuha mga toh?pahingi din po ako ng reviewer... hehehe Sa structural may computation db?panu ba test daw pag sa structural? Tsaka may mgacomputations pa. Hmm?? wala pa ko Idea.

basic formula lang naman sa board...basta sheer and moment tandaan mo,terminology...minimum bends sa steel at mga allowable thickness sa slab,beam at column lang naman...welding symbols kung pede mo aralin,sama mo na...madali lng structural question sa board,pero pag-aralan mo pa din!kung nakapagsite ka im sure yakang yaka mo na ito...

[jenaro]

God Bless sa lahat ng kukuha...specially sa mga cgp member...alam nyo na kung sino kayo!

[jaked]

bro thanx sa reviewer malaking tulong to...

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